The compatible, complementary role plant resistance to insect pests plays with other direct control tactics is. Host plant this is the plant that gets infected and then hosts the development of the pathogen inside. In this study, trait efficacy is determined by pericarp strength of sunflower achenes. Plant health factors that affect a small grains plant will also affect the insects and mites that feed on it. Breeding for host plant resistance nc state university. However, if they are available, resistant varieties can be an effective. Resistance to insect pests and diseases should be given as much emphasis as yield to identify new varieties and hybrids for cultivation by the farmers sharma and ortiz, 2002. The healthier, larger, and more vigorously growing the plant, the more pests it can tolerate without significant loss. Host plant resistance and insect pest management in chickpea. The builtin protection of resistant plants from insect pests functions at a very basic level, disrupting the normal association of the insect pest with its host plant. Paradigm shifts in research on host plant resistance to. Gurdev s khush this text presents a broad overview of host plant resistance to insect pests. Host plant resistance may increase pest mortality rates or decrease pest reproduction rates sufficiently to require very little pesticide to maintain pest populations below the economic threshold. Many insects such as mites can cause plants to produce abnormal plant growths known as galls which occur on leaves, stems, flowers, branches and roots of plants.
Host plant resistance is an economical and environmentfriendly method of insect pest and disease management. Biophysical bases of resistance in plants to insects pala ram ram singh and g. Abstract testing the host specificity of potential agents is an important part of biocontrol methodology. Hostplant selection is the behavioral sequence by which an insect distinguishes between host and nonhost plants. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. Compounds that have been isolated from plants exhibit biological activity with more than 100 species of insects. Ent id547 fundamentals of biological control 3 cr see ent j447j547. While physiological changes in host plants may result in higher disease resistance under climate change scenarios, host resistance to disease may be overcome more quickly by more rapid disease cycles, resulting in a greater chance of pathogens evolving to overcome host plant resistance.
Fritz genetic techniques clave yielded new itisighfs into plant herbivore coevolution. The role of host plant resistance in insect pest mismanagement volume 81 issue 2 h. Fungicide and bactericide efficacy may change with. The use of plant resistance for managing arthropod pests in rice illustrates many aspects of the use of host plant resistance in pest management. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence the.
Insect preference for a certain host plant is related to color, light reflection, physical structure of the surface, and chemical stimuli such as. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important. The global scenario of crop damage inflicted by insects is a matter of serious concern. Host plant resistance can be broken down into three categories. Estimating direct resistance in willows against a major insect pest, phratora. Ecology, evolution, and mechanisms of the interactions between insects and plants. In a recent article in the journal frontiers in plant science. New and improved varieties are always coming to the marketplace. Insect resistance in plants is also due to the chemical constituents which may be either qualitative or quantitative. Insects are difficult to manage multiple generations up to 1215 year limited natural enemies to reduce populations almost unlimited food more consistent constant environmental conditions some life stages are not susceptible to treatment major insecticide and miticide resistance. Managing insect and mite pests of texas small grains. A frequent symptom of b deficiency is the development of corky tissue along leaf veins and stems as a result of the. Allen knutson, bill ree and mark muegge professor and extension entomologist, extension program specialist ii. The first identification of genomic loci in plants.
It is, therefore, imperative to give pivotal position to host plant resistance in ipm. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their application to host specificity testing. Managing insect and mite pests of commercial pecans in texas. The most attractive feature of hpr is that farmers virtually do not need any. Host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. It has been estimated that the multiple insect resistant rice variety ir36 has provided us. The overuse and misuse of insecticides some four decades ago created major environmental problems and was followed by the development of an integrated pest management approach to crop pests. That is, resistance in plants that evolved with an insect could be susceptible to being overcome by genetic changes in the insect pest.
It shows how plants can defend themselves naturally and how insects have adapted to overcome these mechanisms through coevolution. Identification and utilization of sources of resistance to insect pests. Vermicompostmediated host plant resistance to insects. Classes of specificity of the million or so species of insects, approximately onehalf are plant feeding forms brues, 1946. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Pdf host plant resistance and insect pest management in. Exploiting plants resistance against pests could be handier in controlling the pest which is compatible with other methods of pest. In bt corn, bt cotton, and bt potatoes, genes that direct bt toxin production have been inserted into plants so that seeds or seed pieces carry the instructions for plants to produce bt toxins for insect resistance host plant resistance to insects. Managing insect and mite pests of commercial pecans. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest. Hostplant resistance may act independently of these other tactics to reduce pest populations, or antagonistic or synergistic interactions may occur. Quantitat ive genetic tests of herbivory theory reveal tlzat in some cases insect kerbivores impose selectioti on resistance traits. In such cases, the interactions of plant resistance with other management tactics are important to the net effectiveness of the management programme.
The broad coverage includes crop plant and insect diversity, mechanisms of insectplant interactions, host plant selection, components of resistance, the biochemical basis for resistance, mechanisms of resistance. Insectresistant crop varieties suppress insect pest abundance or elevate the damage tolerance level of the plants. This publication briefly summarizes plant mineral nutrition and what is known about how different nutrients affect different types of plant diseases fungal, bacterial, viral, and soilborne and pests. The implication is that insects with a longterm association with a host plant species have the genetic plasticity to overcome defense strategies of the host plant. Growers need to integrate as many different management tools as possible for long term success.
Induced resistance, or resistance triggered by prior herbivore attack, has a number of potential uses in crop protection that are only now beginning to be explored. Although crop yields and effectiveness of insect control vary among bt hybrids and transgenic technologies, bt plants generally are very effective for controlling target insects. Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest resistance 3 barrier to infections. Concepts in insect hostplant selection behavior and their. Ent id546 host plant resistance to insects and pathogens 3 cr see ent j446j546. Therefore, in plants that exhibit antibiosis towards crop maturity, there is marked reduction in the level of pest infestation virus vector population and host damage. Evaluation of host plant resistance against sunflower moth. Host resistance hosts may be less susceptible to attack due to antibiosis and antixenosis or may yield well despite attack due to tolerance. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. When k, ca, and, often, n levels are deficient, plants are more susceptible to bacterial attacks. In chapter four, information has been given relating to theories of host plant selection by insects, host plant defence theories and theories of coevolution of plants and insects. The use of these combined practices usually produce the most reliable and stable plant disease management. Three basic components or mechanisms are involved in plant resistance.
Types and mechanisms of host plant resistance to insect attack. Host plant resistance importance disease resistance. Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest. Click download or read online button to get association of plant hairs and insect resistance book now. Hostplant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other. How should plant resistance to herbivores be measured. Insect and pathogenresistant cultivars that have been effective against target pests are usually deployed indiscriminately until they are no longer effective.
While the focus is on the african maize stem borer, busseola fusca reference is also made to other economically important stem borer species. A fundamental component of ipm radcliffes ipm world textbook host plant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other control methods such as pesticides is often difficult or unwise. Resistance that results from changes in the host plant morphology may also improve pesticide penetration and coverage. Insect resistant varieties provide substantial economic returns on investment on research and development and give much greater returns on investment than pesticides. Ent id549 insect plant interactions 3 cr wsu entom 445545. In fact, when durability of resistance is considered, partial resistance is preferable to total resistance. In contrast, there has been much less use of this method for the management of insect pests. Plant resistance is pivotal in preventing crop yield loss to herbivores, and, thus, it is. Crop varieties that are resistant to pest damage are said to have host plant resistance. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside. Plant science host plant resistance to insects pdf mechanisms of insect resistance for some major cereal crops section i and then shown to be economically important. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important crop plants vernon e. Resistance is the ability of a certain variety to produce a larger yield of good quality than other varieties at the same initial level of infestation and under similar environmental conditions. Insecticides have been in use indiscriminately leading to the acquisition of resistance inadvertently in insects to all groups of.
Host resistance is important in reducing cost of pest control, may help protect environment by reducing pesticide use, and may help alleviate the onset of pesticide resistance. Crop varieties resistant to insects are far less common than disease resistant varieties, because plant breeders have traditionally focused more on disease resistance. It is considerable progress has been made in identification and utilization of crop germplasm for resistance to. Host plant resistance wisconsin vegetable entomology. We examined the efficacy of resistance as a control strategy against the sunflower moth. Escape absence of infestation or injury to host plant due to transitory process like incomplete infestation. Host plant selection by insects is often divided into host plant finding. Download this books into available format 2019 update. Lettuce cultivars for insect resistance in southern florida. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and. It shows how plants can defend themselves naturally and how insects have adapted to overcome these mechanisms through.
A case study of bacillus thuringiensis bt and its transfer to developing countries anatole f. These chemicals occur within certain parts of the plant or in specific stages of plant growth. When 70096 is grown in the field, it would be reasonable not to spray any pesticides for bcb control, which could help reduce production costs and protect the environment. The study of plant disease often begins with a discussion of the plant disease triangle. In contrast, there has been much less use of this method for the management of insect pests in commercial vegetable production smith 1989. Chemical derived substances involved in host plant resistance to insects. The development of hostplant resistance to insect pests. Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide. Materials and methods twosample ttest to examine the results of host plant resistance responses to a. Host plant resistance may help growers manage pest problems by suppressing the pest so it doesnt reach economic thresholds for damage or keeping problems at low enough levels to manage. Induced resistance increase in resistance temporarily as a result of some changed conditions of plants or environment such as change in the amount of water or nutrient status of soil c. There are even insects that manage to fool the plant to mount a pathogen response that allows the insect to continue to feed on the plant. In this article we will discuss about the insect resistance in plants. Available formats pdf please select a format to send.
The development of the pathogen negatively affects the normal plant. With greater collaboration and commitment from plant breeders, biotechnologists and entomologists, crop resistance could play a major role in the integrated pest management of insect pests of cruciferous crops. The three legs of the triangle host, pathogen, and environment must be present and interact appropriately for plant disease to result. Host plant resistance should form the backbone of pest management in sorghum. Modern agriculture provides novel solutions to age old problems. Therefore, plants might be able to circumvent allocation. From the herbivores perspective, however, a resistant host plant is a plant that. The number of life cycles completed in a given period of time is also less.
Host plant resistance and tolerance to insect pests. The number of research progams mentioned in this brief intro duction indicates an intense scientific endeavor in the field of host plant resistance to insects. Lettuce cultivars for insect resistance in southern florida 3 bcb damage than the susceptible cultivars. The book entitled host plant resistance to pests hedin, 1977 has 16 chap ters and 34 authors. Chapter five deals with important morphological or biophysical traits of plants which impart resistance against insect pests. This text presents a broad overview of host plant resistance to insect pests. Biochemical bases of resistance in plants to insects ramesh arora and g. Integrating biological control and host plant resistance. Coevolution is the generally accepted theory for the evolution of insect host plant relationships, however, it can be shown that its main premisses are inadequate. Concepts and methods regarding host plant resistance to. Host plant resistance and tolerance to insect pests eorganic. They can be used as well to follow parasites and predators of insects for example, their move. Nonpreference antixenosis host plants that express nonpreference affect the way an insect pest perceives the desirability of the host plant.
Hostplant resistance in pest management sciencedirect. The role of host plant resistance in insect pest mis. Insect plant interactions and host plant resistance ram singh and g. Host plant resistance, insect pests, molecular markers, genetic transformation, gene pyramiding, rnai introduction host plant resistance hpr assumes a central role, and is the backbone of pest management in order to increase production and productivity of the crops, to meet the increasing demand for food, feed, fodder, and fuel. The compatible, complementary role plant resistance to insect pests plays with other direct control tactics is, in theory and practice, in concert with the objectives of ipm. Download adobe acrobat reader free software to read pdf files. Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945. This approach utilizes a combination of host plant resistance. It also describes screening and breeding for insect resistance.
Breeding plants or animals for resistance to insects is really just another form of biological pest control. Plants can sense being touched, and they can use several strategies to defend against damage caused by herbivores. Farmers in the us lost 7% of their crops to pests in the 1940s. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that. Host plant resistance definition types and mechanisms ecological and genetic resistance host plant resistance hpr definition those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same. Host plant resistance to insect is a conventional approaches and phenomenon of interrelationship between host plants and affected by environmental factors. Rather than finding insects to attack the pests, breeders look for genetic traits or combinations of traits that reduce an organisms susceptibility to attack or injury by its insect pests. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your account. The broad coverage includes crop plant and insect diversity, mechanisms of insect plant interactions, host plant selection, components of resistance, the biochemical basis for resistance, mechanisms of resistance, factors affecting expression of resistance, screening techniques for resistance, the role of insect.
In conclusion, this study presents genomic loci associated with gallinducing insect resistance for the first time in plants and makes a valuable. Insect control is serious and greatest challenge for agricultural crops. Figure 1 categorizing pests, host plant resistance and tritrophic interactions and biological control effect aa i enemy pesti a 1 agricultural setting. Host plant resistance to insects in searchworks catalog. Frontiers how should plant resistance to herbivores be measured. This chapter discusses the resistance of plants to insects. Pdf host plant resistance to insects of legume crops r. Over the past five decades, a large proportion of the world sorghum germplasm collection has been evaluated for resistance to insect pests, and a number of lines with resistance to. Hostplant resistance and chemical control of chilo partellus swinhoe and busseola fusca fuller in an integrated pest management system on grain sorghum. The herbivores behaviour and adaptation to the host plant are influencedby the chemical composition of the host plant. The sources of resistance to insects in crops have been classified as non preference, antibiosis, and tolerance.
It is mainly phloemfeeding insects like silverleaf whiteflies that manage to activate the sa system instead of the ja system kempema et al. Plant defense against herbivory or hostplant resistance describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Examples of the effects of both nonpreference and antibiosis resistance on insect numbers are given. Introduction importance of host plant resistance historical perspectives. Pdf host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control.
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